The concept of "diabetes"It is usual to denote a group of endocrine diseases that develop as a result of an absolute or relative shortage of hormone in the bodyinsulin.In view of this condition, the patient manifestsHyperglycemia- A significant increase in the amount of glucose in human blood.Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a chronic course.In the disease development process, there is a violation of metabolism as a whole: it is violatedfatty,protein,carbohydrate,mineralANDwater saltexchange.According to WHO statistics, around 150 million people are sick in the world of diabetes.By the way, not only a person, but also animals, for example, cats, are sick of diabetes.
The meaning of the word "diabetes" of the Greek language is "expiration."Therefore, the concept of "diabetes mellitus" means "losing sugar."In this case, the main sign of the disease is shown: the excretion of sugar in the urine.To date, there are many studies on the causes of this ailment, however, the causes of the manifestation of the disease and its complications are not yet finally established.
Types of diabetes
Diabetes mellitus sometimes also occurs in humans as one of the manifestations of the underlying disease.In this case, we are talking aboutSymptomatic diabeteswhich can happen at the bottom of the defeatthyroideitherpancreas glands,adrenal glands,The pituitary gland.In addition, this form of diabetes develops as consequences of treatment with some medications.And if the treatment of the underlying disease goes successfully, then diabetes is cured.
Diabetes mellitus is usually divided into two ways: thisType 1 diabetes, that is,Insulin dependent, and tooType 2 diabetes, that isInsulin dependent.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus manifests itself more frequently in young people: as a general rule, most of these patients are not thirty years old.About 10-15% of the total number of diabetes patients suffer from this form of disease.Diabetes mellitus in children manifests mainly in this way.
The first type diabetes is a consequence of the damage to the beta cells of the pancreas that produce insulin.Very often, this type of diabetes get sick after viral ailments -mumps,viral hepatitis,Rublich.Often the diabetes of the first type occurs asAutoimmune diseasebDue to the defect in the body immune system.As a general rule, in a person who is sick with the first type of diabetes, the little healthy thinness manifests.In the blood, sugar levels increase significantly.Patients with the first type of diabetes depend on constant insulin injections, which become vital.
Among the diabetics, as a whole, patients with type 2 diabetes prevail. At the same time, approximately 15% of patients with this form of disease have normal weight, and all others suffer from overweight.
Type 2 diabetes is developing, as a result of a fundamentally different cause.In this case, with beta cells, enough or too much insulin, however, the tissues in the body lose the ability to accept their specific signal.In this case, insulin injections for survival are not required, but sometimes they are prescribed to control the patient's blood sugar.
The causes of diabetes
One of the type 1 diabetes type forms"Insulin dependent", the main reason in this way can be complications after viral infections, for example,flu,herpes, and toocholelitiasis.Factors that contribute to a type 2 diabetes disease"Insulin dependent"They are genetic predispositions, as well as diseases of the endocrine system and obesity.
The main reason for the manifestation of diabetes is affectedCarbohydrate metabolism, which is manifested due to the impossibility of the pancreas to produce the correct amount of insulin hormone or produce insulin of the necessary quality.There are many assumptions regarding the causes of that state.It is known with certainty that diabetes is a disease without term.There is the theory that the cause of the disease is genetic defects.It is demonstrated that there is a greater risk of disease in those whose close relatives were sick of diabetes.The probability of the disease in people whose diabetes was diagnosed in both parents is especially high.
Experts define another significant factor that directly affects the possibility of diabetesobesity.In this case, it is accessible to a person to adjust their own weight, so you should treat this problem with all seriousness.
Another provocative factor is a series of diseases, whose result is defeatBeta cells.First, we are talking aboutpancreatitis,diseases from other internal secretion glands,pancreatic cancer.
Viral infections can serve as a kind of trigger mechanism for the beginning of diabetes.Viral infections "launch" diabetes in each case.However, people who have the predisposition of a hereditary character to diabetes and other arrangement factors have a much higher risk of getting sick due to infection.
In addition, doctors determine as a predisposing factor for the factor.stressAnd emotional excess.Older people should remember the possibility of sick diabetes: the greater a person becomes, the more likely the disease.
At the same time, the assumption of many about the fact that with diabetes whom they love constantly eating a lot of sugar and sweet products, they run the risk of getting sick from the point of view of the high probability of obesity in such people.
In more rare cases, diabetes mellitus in children and adults occurs as a result of certain hormonal disorders in the body, as well as damage to the pancreas due to alcohol abuse or take some drugs.
Another assumption indicates the viral nature of diabetes.Therefore, type 1 diabetes can manifest due to viral damage to the beta cells of the pancreas, producing insulin.In response, the immune system producesantibodiesWhat are calledinsular.
However, to this day, there are many dark points in the issue of determining the causes of diabetes.
Diabetes symptoms
The symptoms of diabetes mellitus, first of all, are manifested by too intense urine production.A person begins to urinate not only often, but also much (a phenomenon calledPolyuria).In view of such a phenomenon, the patient has a veryBe strong.Together with urine, it stands outglucose, a person loses calories.Therefore, a sign of diabetes mellitus will also be an appetite too strong due to the constant feeling of hunger.
Other unpleasant phenomena occur as diabetes symptoms: severe fatigue,Constant sleepiness, the presence of itching in the perineum.The patient can freeze the limbs, and visual acuity gradually decreases.
The disease progresses and the following diabetes signs are manifested.The patient points out that his wounds heal much worse, gradually the life of the body is inhibited as a whole.
It is important to keep in mind that the main signs of diabetes, which each person must pay attention, is the loss of vitality, a constant thirst sensation, rapid excretion of the body with the urine of the liquid consumed.
However, at first, the symptoms of diabetes mellitus may not appear at all, and the disease can only be determined by laboratory tests.If the disease does not appear, and a slightly increased sugar content is detected in the blood and its presence in the urine is produced, in a person it is diagnosedPrediabetic state.It is characteristic of a large number of people, and after ten to fifteen years, they have been developing type 2 diabetes. In this case, insulin does not perform a division functionCarbohydrates.As a result, very little glucose enters the bloodstream, which is a source of energy.
Diabetes diagnosis
Diabetes mellitus manifests in a person gradually, therefore, doctors distinguish three periods of their development.In people prone to the disease due to the presence of some risk factors, the log period is manifestedPredial.If glucose is already absorbed with disorders, but the signs of the disease do not occur yet, then the patient is diagnosed with the periodhidden diabetes.The third period is directly the development of the disease.
Laboratory tests are of particular importance for the diagnosis of diabetes in children and adults.When examining urine, it is foundacetoneANDsugar.The fastest method to establish a diagnosis is a blood test in which the glucose content is determined.This is also the most reliable diagnostic method.
Greater precision of the research guarantees the oral tolerance of glucose tolerance.Initially, it is necessary to determine which level of glucose in the patient's blood has an empty stomach.After that, a person must drink a glass of water in which 75 grams of glucose are previously dissolved.After two hours, a second measurement is carried out.If the result of glucose content was 3.3 to 7.0 mmol/L, then glucose tolerance is altered, with the result of more than 11.1 mmol/L, the patient is diagnosed with diabetes.
In addition, during the diagnosis of diabetes, a blood test is performed forGlucogeniumTo determine the average level of blood sugar for a long period (approximately 3 months).This method is also used to determine how effective the treatment of diabetes was in the last three months.
Diabetes treatment
Doctors recipe a comprehensive diabetes treatment to support the normal blood glucose content.In this case, it is important to keep in mind that neitherHyperglycemia, that is, an increase in sugar levels, orHypoglycemia, that is, its fall.
Throughout the day, the glucose content must be at approximately at the same level.This support allows us to prevent the manifestation of the complications of diabetes, which are threatening of life.Therefore, it is very important that the person himself carefully controls his own state and is as disciplined as possible for disease therapy.Glucometer- This is a specially designed device, which allows the blood glucose level to be measured independently.To analyze, you must take a drop of a finger blood and apply it in a test strip.
It is important that the treatment of diabetes in children and adults begins immediately after a person becomes a corresponding diagnosis.The doctor defines methods to treat diabetes mellitus, given the type of diabetes that the patient has.
For the treatment of type 1 diabetes, it is important to provide hormonal replacement therapy for life.For this, every day that a patient who has the first type of diabetes is diagnosed should make insulin injections.There are no other treatment options in this case.Before determining the role of insulin in 1921, diabetes did not yield to treatment.
There is a special classification of insulin, which is based on where the medication comes from and what is the duration of its action.Distinguishbullish,pigANDhumaninsulin.Due to the detection of a series of side effects, Insulin Toro is used less frequently today.The closest in the structure to the human is the pork insulin.The difference is in oneamino acid.The duration of the effects of insulins can beShort,Average,Long.
As a general rule, the patient produces insulin in approximately 20-30 minutes before eating.It is inserted into the thigh, the shoulder or stomach subcutaneously, while the injection site must alternate in each injection.
When insulin enters the blood, it stimulates the blood glucose to tissue transition process.If there was an overdose, it is loaded with hypoglycemia.The symptoms of this condition are as follows: the patient has a tremor, an improved separation of sweat, a beat is accelerated, a person feels a strong weakness.In this state, a person should quickly increase glucose level, using several tablespoons of sugar or a glass of fresh water.
A specialist must exclusively select an insulin administration scheme, taking into account all the characteristics of the body, as well as the image of his life.The selection of daily insulin doses is done to correspond to the physiological norm.Two thirds of the hormonal doses are accepted in the morning and afternoon, one third in the afternoon and at night.There are several different schemes for the introduction of injections, whose viability of the use determined by the doctor.Insulin dose correction is possible depending on a series of factors (diet, physical loads, characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism).There is an important role in determining the optimal intake of insulin to the independent measurement of glucose levels and maintaining records with respect to self -observation.
In this case, the corresponding diet in diabetes is very necessary.It is important that the patient take food according to a special scheme: three main and three additional meals.The energy supply for diabetes is taking into account the fact that blood glucose content increases more strongly by carbohydrates.However, a severe restriction of its use is not required.Subject to normal human body weight, it is important to take into account the amount of carbohydrates to choose the correct dose of insulin.
If a person has second type of diabetes diabetes, then at the beginning of the disease cannot take medications.In this case, a diabetes diet is important, which provides minimization of simple carbohydrates and a competent approach to physical effort.If diabetes progresses, pharmacological therapy is required.The doctor recipes treatment with sugar -free medications.Choose adequate drugs from derivativessulfonelmochevina,Prandial ganguemia regulators.They help to increase the sensitivity to the insulin of the fabricBiguanides(Medications also reduce glucose absorption in the intestine) andTIAZOLIDINDO.In the absence of the effect of treatment with specified medications, patients are prescribed by insulin therapy.
With diabetes, popular recipes are also practiced that stimulate a decrease in blood sugar.For this purpose, herbal decoctions that have such properties are used.This is a blueberry sheet, linen seeds, leaf bellow, bay leaf, juniper and rose fruits, gross root, dioic ortiga leaves, etc.Herbal decoctions are taken several times a day before eating.
Diabetes power supply
For patientssugarType 1 diabetesThe main treatment of diabetes are insulin injections, and the diet serves as a significant addition to pharmacological treatment, while for patientsType 2 diabetes- A diet diet based on a diet is the main treatment method.Since the normal functioning of the development of diabetes is affectedpancreas, which leads to a decrease in insulin production, which is involved in the assimilation of sugar by the body, then the appropriate nutrition and diet are of great importance.Diabetes diet is used to normalize carbohydrate metabolism and prevent fat metabolism.
What should be food?
- frequent and regular meals (preferably4-5 timesPer day, at approximately at the same time), it is advisable to distribute uniformly the use of carbohydrates according to meals;
- The food must be richmacro-ANDmicroelements(zinc, calcium, phosphorus, potassium), and alsoVitamins(Group B vitamins, A, P, Ascorbic acid, retinol, riboflavin, thiamine);
- The food must be varied;
- sugarIt is worth replacing itSorbitol, xylitis, fructose, aspartameithersugarthat can be added to the right food and drinks;
- You can use before1.5 litersliquids per day;
- Preference should be given to difficult carbohydrates (vegetables, fruits, thick flour bread), products that contain fiber (raw vegetables, beans, peas, oats) and limit the use of products rich in cholesterol - egg yolks, liver, kidneys;
- The diet should be strictly observed so as not to cause the development or exacerbation of the disease.
The diabetes diet does not prohibit sugar, and in some cases recommends the following products in the diet:
- Black or specialDiabetic bread(200-300 Gr. Per day);
- Vegetable soups, cabbage soup, okroshki, beet;
- Soups prepared in the meat broth can be consumed twice a week;
- Low fat (beef, veal, rabbit), poultry (turkey, chicken), fish (lucio hanger, cod, lucio) (approximately 100-150 gr. per day) in a boiled, baked or slope;
- Useful cereal dishes (sarracene wheat, oatmeal, millet) and pasta, legumes can be consumed every two days;
- Potatoes, carrots and beets: no more than 200 g.per day;
- The rest of the vegetables: cabbage, which include colored, cucumbers, spinach, tomatoes, eggplants and vegetables, can be consumed without restrictions;
- Eggs cannot be more than 2 pieces;
- 200-300 gr.Apples day, oranges, lemons, is possible in the form of juices with pulp;
- dairy products (kefir, yogurt) -1-2 cups per day, and cheese, milk and sour cream with the doctor's permission;
- It is recommended to consume daily cottage cheese at 150-200 gr.per day in any form;
- From fats per day you can consume up to 40 g.Warm butter and vegetable oil.
Of the drinks, it is allowed to drink black, green tea, weak coffee, juices, compotes of acid varieties berries with the addition of xylitis or sorbitol, decoction of rosehip and mineral water.
It is important for people with diabetes.Easily digestible carbohydrates.These products include sugar, honey, jam, confectionery, sweets, chocolate.The use of cakes, muffins, fruits: bananas, raisins, grapes is strictly limited.In addition, it is worth minimizing useFatty foods, first, fat, vegetables and butter, fatty meat, sausage, mayonnaise.In addition, it is better to exclude fried, sharp, spicy and smoked dishes, sharp snacks, salty and pickled vegetables, cream, diet alcohol.Salt salt per day cannot consume more than 12 g.
Diabetes diet
Diet in diabetes should be observed without fail.The characteristics of the diet in diabetes in this case imply the normalization of carbohydrate metabolism in the human body and at the same time facilitating the functioning of the pancreas.The diet excludes easily digestible carbohydrates, limits useFats.People with diabetes need to consume many vegetables, but at the same time limit food and salt that contain cholesterol.The food must bake and cook.
A patient with diabetes is recommended to eat a lot of cabbage, tomatoes, zucchini, herbs, cucumbers, beets.Instead of sugar, patients with diabetes can eat xilit, sorbitol, fructose.At the same time, it is necessary to limit the amount of potatoes, bread, cereals, carrots, fats, honey.
It is forbidden to eat sweets of confectionery, chocolate, sweets, jam, bananas, spicy, smoked, ram and pork fat, mustard, alcohol, grapes, raisins.
You should always take food at the same time, you can't pass food intake.The food should contain a lot of fiber.To do this, periodically you must include legumes, rice, oatmeal, Saracen wheat in the diet.Every day, a patient with diabetes should drink many liquids.
Diet No. 9
Dietologists developed a special recommended diet as the main nutrition for diabetes.A characteristic of diet No. 9 is that it can be adapted to the patient's individual tastes, adding or excluding some dishes at will.Diet in diabetes creates the conditions to normalize carbohydrate metabolism, helps maintain patient performance and develops taking into account the severity of the disease, concomitant diseases, weight and energy costs.There is also diet No. 9a, which is used as a basis for the compilation of the diet inMild diabetes form.As well as in concomitant obesity of variable degrees in patients who do not receive insulin, and the number 9B, with an increase in the protein consumption standard, for patients with a serious form of diabetes, who receive treatment with diabetes insulin and have additional physical activity.Heavy formOften complicated by liver diseases, gallbladder, pancreas.
Diet No. 9Includes approximately such diet:
- The first breakfast(To work, at 7 in the morning): Sarracene wheat porridge, meat paste or low oily cottage cheese;Xlet tea, bread with butter.
- Lunch(At lunchtime, 12 hours a day): cottage cheese, 1 cup of kefir.
- Dinner(After work, 17 hours a day): vegetable soup, potatoes with boiled meat, an apple or orange.O: Clean cabbage soup, boiled meat with stewed carrots, tea in xylita.
- Dinner(20 at night): boiled fish with cabbage or potato pins, rose decoction.
- Before bedtime, a glass of kefir or yogurt.
Diabetes prevention
Diabetes prevention provides healthier lifestyle.You should not allow additional pounds, exercise constantly and practice sports.Each person must reduce the use of fats and sweets.If a person is already forty years old or in his family, there have been cases of diabetes, then diabetes sugar prevention provides regular blood sugar test.
You should try to consume many fruits and vegetables every day, include more diet products with a high complex carbohydrate content.It is equally important monitoring how much salt and sugar enter the daily diet;In this case, abuse is not allowed.There must be many products that contain vitamins in the diet.
In addition, for diabetes prevention, it is important to be constantly in a state of mental balance, to avoid stressful situations.In addition, carbohydrate metabolism is manifested as a result of the increase in pressure, so it is very important to prevent this condition in advance.
Diabetes complications
The complications of diabetes that manifest whether the treatment of diabetes is not carried out is a particular danger to health and human life, or is carried out incorrectly.Due to such complications, a fatal result occurs.It is usual to distinguish between acute complications from diabetes, which develop rapidly in the patient, as well as late complications, which occur several years later.
Acute complications of diabetes are manifestedcoma: In this state, the patient loses consciousness, has violated the functions of several organs: liver, kidneys, heart, nervous system.The reasons for coma development are a strong changeacidityBlood, a violation of the proportion of salts and water in the body, the manifestation of lactic acid in a large quantity, a strong blood drop in glucose levels.
As late complications of diabetes, damage to the small vessels of the kidneys and eyes are often caused.If a large container is affected, then the occurrence can occurstroke,Myocardial infarction,Gangrene legs.The human nervous system also suffers.